It is clear that a return to the “pre-1953 politico-constitutional position” will grievously harm the legitimate rights of the people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
Kashmir-based National Conference president and former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah have again pitched for pre-1953 politico-constitutional position for the state. “Our struggle is for the restoration of autonomy of the state, pre-1953 position, and Article 370 in its original form,” he said in the wake of developing situation post-Pulwama massacre of 45 CRPF jawans.
It was a statement made by Prime Minister JL Nehru on the floor of the Lok Sabha on July 24, 1952, and Kashmiri leaders call it “Delhi Agreement”.
There is nothing new in the demand that he put forth, saying the state’s return to the pre-1953 position could be the lasting solution to the so-called Kashmir problem. He has been asserting again and again since 1996 that the root cause of the insurgency in the state and alienation of Kashmiri Muslims has resulted from the conspiracy of New Delhi and its Kashmiri agents to bypass Article 370 and (the non-existent) 1952 Delhi Agreement between the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then Jammu and Kashmir Wazir-e-Azam Sheikh Abdullah and bring the state surreptitiously within the purview of Central laws and institutions and thereby erode “Kashmiryat”. There exists no such agreement as the Delhi Agreement. It was a statement made by Prime Minister JL Nehru on the floor of the Lok Sabha on July 24, 1952, and Kashmiri leaders call it “Delhi Agreement”.
Jammu and Kashmir enjoys a separate status under Article 370. It has its own constitution and a separate flag. Jammu and Kashmir is also the solitary state that, unlike other states of the Union, exercises residuary powers. No central legislation can be introduced in the state without the concurrence of the Jammu and Kashmir Government.
Will this restoration of the pre-1953 politico-constitutional position strengthen democracy in the state or redress the grievances of the Kashmiri Muslims and re-empower them? Even cursory scrutiny of the political system prior to the dismissal and arrest of Sheikh Abdullah on 9 August 1953, suggests that it will not.
On the contrary, a restoration will – apart from emboldening believers in the concept of “Nizam-e-Mustafa” and Jammu and Kashmir’s separation from India – at once subvert all democratic institutions, deprive the common people of whatever civil liberties and political rights they have enjoyed so far and fetter the Press and the judiciary. The reason: such a drastic return will arm the council of ministers with absolute, unbridled executive, legislative and judicial powers.
It needs to be realised that between 7 September 1939 and 26 January 1957, the state ruler and the ruling elites derived their authority from the Jammu and Kashmir Constitutional Act (JKCA) of 1939. The ruler, Hari Singh, had enacted it to mollify Kashmir-based Sheikh Abdullah and his supporters. They had been demanding since 1931 the replacement of autocracy by democracy.
Though an Assembly of 75 elected and nominated members was set up in accordance with the Act of 1939, Sheikh Abdullah and his colleagues continued their protest. In fact, they repudiated the JKCA of 1939 and declared that they would not withdraw their struggle until a responsible government had been established. They opposed the JKCA on seven counts.
First, it contained provisions which obstructed the formation of a responsible government and facilitated the domination and exploitation of the people. Besides, it was not framed by a Constituent Assembly elected by adult franchise, but by the ruler and his henchmen. It recognised the ruler and not the people as the “fountainhead of all essential attributes of sovereignty.”
It was only during the reign of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (August 1953-September 1963) that a number of steps were taken to democratise the polity.
It did not recognise the “doctrine of supremacy of the legislature.” It did not provide for an independent judiciary. It did not grant freedom to the Press by repelling the highly obnoxious Jammu and Kashmir Press and Publication Act (JKPPA) of 1932 under which the ruling elite could seize any press and fine the Press for “seditious” writing. And finally, it, like the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935, introduced communal electorates.
When, despite their five-year-long struggle, Hari Singh did not introduce any democratic principle, Sheikh Abdullah and other “pro-democracy” leaders stepped up their efforts. In the 1946 Quit Kashmir movement, National Conference cadres openly defied the ruler’s authority, confronted police, attacked police stations and other symbols of the Government, demanded the dethronement of Hari Singh and the establishment of a people’s government. An order was restored only after the police and Army swung into action and imprisoned Sheikh Abdullah and other prominent leaders on the charge of sedition.
It was under these circumstances, and in the wake of the full-scale war with Pakistan, that Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India on 26 October 1947. Ironically, the state’s accession and Sheikh Abdullah’s appointment as Emergency Administrator at Nehru’s behest did not ameliorate a lot of the people. For Sheikh Abdullah, rather than repealing the JKCA of 1939, chose to exploit it to consolidate his position, marginalise his senior colleagues like Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq, Mohi-ud-Din Kara and Maulana Masoodi and put down his political rivals. He also exploited the JKPPA to muzzle the Press. In short, his rule was as autocratic, a local oligarchy.
It was only during the reign of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (August 1953-September 1963) that a number of steps were taken to democratise the polity. These included the abrogation on 14 May, 1954 of Section 75 of the JKCA under which the Council of Ministers was the final interpreter of the Constitution, the abolition of the largely committed Board of Judicial Advisors, extension of the jurisdiction of the Supreme court of India to Jammu and Kashmir on 14 May, 1954 and the adoption on 17 November, 1956 of a new Constitution by the Constituent Assembly and its application on 26 January, 1957.
It also needs to be underlined that between 1953 and 1975, the Union Government extended to the state 260 out of the 395 Articles of the Indian Constitution. It was also during this period that the Union List was extended to 94 out of its 97 topics and 26 out of the 47 topics in the Concurrent List. Not just this, it was also in 1965 that the state was brought under the full jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Comptroller and Auditor-General and Election Commission of India. It was for the first time in 1967 that the Election Commission conducted Lok Sabha polls in J&K. Hitherto, members to the Lok Sabha were nominated by the J&K Government.
It is thus clear that a return to the “pre-1953 politico-constitutional position” will grievously harm the legitimate rights of the people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
It is heartening to note that BJP national general secretary and in-charge Jammu and Kashmir Ram Madhav on March 2, 2019, said in unambiguous terms that the BJP doesn’t favour Article 370.
The roots of the Kashmir’s alienation lie not in Central laws and Central institutions such Supreme Court, Auditor and Comptroller-General and Election Commission but in the Kashmiri leadership’s politics of competitive communalism and secessionism as well as politics of exclusion of Jammu and Ladakh.
If the Central Government sincerely wishes to defeat jihad in Kashmir, it must repudiate outright such perverted demands as autonomy and self-rule, as both these demands only mean a step short of Azadi. Acceptance of any of the two demands would not only accord a dangerous legitimacy to the politics of communalism and separatism but it would also facilitate the process of the country’s balkanization.
Even otherwise, such demands can’t be accepted because these have the potential of provoking political explosions of portentous dimension in Jammu and Ladakh. The watchword and battle-cry of the people of these two regions is the complete integration of the state into India and the application of the Indian Constitution to the state in full, barring its Article 370 and Article 35-A which makes invidious, humiliating and unjust distinctions between the “permanent residents” of the state and the rest of the Indians in terms of citizenship rights.
In other words, the solution to Kashmir jihad doesn’t lie in Farooq Abdullah’s divisive autonomy doctrine; it lies in the trifurcation of J&K into Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh States and recognition of the 28-year-old demand of the persecuted and hounded out Kashmiri Hindus seeking a separate “Homeland within Kashmir invested with UT status where the Indian Constitution flows freely”. The need of the nation and exigency of the time is not just reorganization of the state to limit the area of jihad to tiny Kashmir Valley but also the withdrawal of unconstitutional Article 35A and “Temporary” Article 370.
It is heartening to note that BJP national general secretary and in-charge Jammu and Kashmir Ram Madhav on March 2, 2019, said in unambiguous terms that the BJP doesn’t favour Article 370. “Article 35A and 370 were only an issue in the Kashmir Valley (11%), which is only one part of Jammu and Kashmir and not rest of the rest of the state (89%)…We don’t favour continuation of Article 370, which generates separatist mindset in the Valley,” said Ram Madhav at India Today’s Conclave (Daily Excelsior, Mar 2, 2019).
Note:
1. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of PGurus.
